To step back and take a broad view of history is to see a constant and almost incessant Muslim onslaught against Judeo-Christianity since the time of Mohammed. This was disguised for long periods, for some time largely because of Muslim technological weakness and Islam’s primitive social organisation. The great battles won against the vast crescent of the Muslim onslaught in the Mediterranean, in Spain and outside Vienna, had apparently consigned it to impotence and insignificance.